5月16日，彭博社刊發(fā)中國常駐世貿(mào)組織代表團(tuán)大使張向晨專訪文章，從中美貿(mào)易摩擦等熱點(diǎn)話題切入。

張向晨認(rèn)為，中美在經(jīng)貿(mào)領(lǐng)域顯然存在利益交集，但需要以誠意來尋找。中美兩國之間很多問題具有復(fù)雜性，通過溝通、談判解決彼此的貿(mào)易關(guān)注是一項(xiàng)長期的任務(wù)。舉起大棒，是錯(cuò)誤地對(duì)待別人的問題，放下大棒，才能正確地面對(duì)自己的問題?！岸唐趦?nèi)，我也相信中美有足夠的智慧找到辦法解決雙邊經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系中的緊迫問題，拭目以待?！?

針對(duì)彭博社援引美國大使丹尼斯·謝伊的話稱“中國是‘破壞全球開放和公平貿(mào)易體制’的‘單邊主義者’。并稱中國是‘最具保護(hù)主義，重商主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)體’，自稱是‘自由貿(mào)易和全球貿(mào)易體系的捍衛(wèi)者’。”張向晨連用兩個(gè)反問句予以回?fù)簦骸拔以谑蕾Q(mào)組織總理事會(huì)上講過，衡量單邊主義的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只能是多邊規(guī)則，而不是憑什么人亂扣帽子。你見過主動(dòng)降低關(guān)稅、開放金融市場(chǎng)的‘保護(hù)主義者’嗎？你見過積極籌備進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)、歡迎各國出口至本國市場(chǎng)的‘重商主義者’嗎？”

張向晨

本月早些時(shí)候，中美兩國舉行了首輪貿(mào)易談判。對(duì)此，彭博社在提問中稱，在北京結(jié)束的中美高層貿(mào)易談判表明雙方差距巨大。據(jù)說美國已要求中國在2020年前將貿(mào)易順差至少減少2000億美元，并且不得對(duì)美國擬議的關(guān)稅措施進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)。

在被問及上述要求是否符合WTO規(guī)則，中國接受這些要求的可能性有多大時(shí)，張向晨表示，在多邊貿(mào)易體制上，曾有過極個(gè)別“進(jìn)口承諾”的事例。這種做法違反世貿(mào)組織“非歧視原則”，早已成為歷史陳跡。而所謂的“自愿出口限制”，毫無例外地都不是“自愿”的，也為多邊紀(jì)律所不容。“美國一方面指責(zé)中國政府干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)，一方面又要求中國以政府命令方式增加進(jìn)口、限制出口、減少過剩產(chǎn)能，這在邏輯上是說不通的。貿(mào)易是你情我愿的交易，政府可以做一些貿(mào)易促進(jìn)工作，但不能用槍頂著企業(yè)去做?！?

上個(gè)月，美方揚(yáng)言考慮對(duì)中國1500億美元商品加征關(guān)稅。對(duì)于彭博社有關(guān)中國還有什么工具可以抵消加征關(guān)稅威脅的提問，張向晨表示，作為一個(gè)大國，中國的政策工具箱里當(dāng)然會(huì)有“十八般兵器”，但絕不會(huì)輕易使用。用不用、用哪件、何時(shí)用，需要根據(jù)形勢(shì)發(fā)展而定，但目的只有一個(gè)，恢復(fù)正常的貿(mào)易秩序，“止戈為武”。

同樣是在上月，中國分別就美“301條款”和“232條款”措施在WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制下提出訴訟。張向晨告訴彭博社，關(guān)于“301條款”案，中方的目標(biāo)是將這只猛獸重新關(guān)進(jìn)世貿(mào)規(guī)則的籠子里，不再讓它興風(fēng)作浪。關(guān)于“232條款”案，中方希望借此恢復(fù)所有成員對(duì)“國家安全”問題原有的審慎態(tài)度。

根據(jù)商務(wù)部資料顯示，今年53歲的張向晨（1965年生人）目前為中國常駐世貿(mào)組織代表、特命全權(quán)大使。此前，他為中國國際貿(mào)易談判副代表，是國內(nèi)精通世界貿(mào)易的專家之一，主張世界貿(mào)易自由化、反對(duì)貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)。

據(jù)悉，張向晨曾于2008年至2011年在中國駐日內(nèi)瓦世貿(mào)組織辦事處工作，就任代表團(tuán)副團(tuán)長。

彭博社曾報(bào)道稱，特朗普在美國總統(tǒng)大選獲勝后，張向晨是首位向外國商界介紹中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層如何看待世界經(jīng)濟(jì)未來的官員。在北京一場(chǎng)中國美國商會(huì)舉行的晚宴上，他就新形勢(shì)下應(yīng)避免貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行了闡述。

以下為彭博社采訪全文，共六個(gè)問題，商務(wù)部全文翻譯，轉(zhuǎn)自微信公號(hào)“商務(wù)微新聞”：

5月16日，彭博社刊發(fā)中國常駐世貿(mào)組織代表團(tuán)大使張向晨專訪文章，從中美貿(mào)易摩擦等熱點(diǎn)話題切入，六問六答，金句頻出。

談及中美貿(mào)易摩擦，張向晨大使為何連用兩個(gè)反問句？

Q&A

1、彭博社：中國在WTO就美國“301條款”和“232條款”下的貿(mào)易措施提出訴訟。最新進(jìn)展怎樣？解決爭(zhēng)議的可能性如何？

China has filed complaints about the U.S. trade actions under Section 301 and Section 232 at the WTO. What’s the latest progress? What’s the likelihood of getting a dispute settlement?

張向晨大使：上月初，中國分別就美“301條款”和“232條款”措施在WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制下提出訴訟。這兩個(gè)條款違反哪些規(guī)則、中方起訴背景和所持立場(chǎng)，我不一一贅述。

China submitted complaints to the WTO dispute settlement mechanism on the US Section 301 and Section 232 measures early last month. I would not elaborate on the measures or how they have violated the WTO rules, which I had clearly stated at the WTO general council meeting last week.

關(guān)于“301條款”案，我們的目標(biāo)是將這只猛獸重新關(guān)進(jìn)世貿(mào)規(guī)則的籠子里，再也不讓它跑出來興風(fēng)作浪。關(guān)于“232條款”案，我們希望借此恢復(fù)所有成員對(duì)“國家安全”問題原有的審慎態(tài)度。

Rather, I want to emphasize that our objective for the Section 301 case is to lock this beast back into the cage of the WTO rules, stop it from causing any further harm to any members. By initiating the Section 232 case, we want to restore the self-restraint and caution exercised by Members with regard to the “Security Exceptions” clause.

中國將按照WTO爭(zhēng)端解決程序繼續(xù)推進(jìn)這兩項(xiàng)訴訟。WTO爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制應(yīng)當(dāng)有能力解決這些爭(zhēng)議，維護(hù)正常的國際經(jīng)貿(mào)秩序，這正是爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制建立的初衷。

China will proceed with these two cases in accordance with the WTO dispute settlement procedures. I am confident that the WTO dispute settlement mechanism is capable of resolving these disputes and safeguarding the normal order of international trade, which is exactly the intent of establishing the dispute settlement mechanism.

2、彭博社：美國大使丹尼斯·謝伊最近在世貿(mào)組織總理事會(huì)上說，中國是“破壞全球開放和公平貿(mào)易體制”的“單邊主義者”。他還稱中國是“最具保護(hù)主義，重商主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)體”，自稱是“自由貿(mào)易和全球貿(mào)易體系的捍衛(wèi)者”。你的論點(diǎn)是什么？其他成員對(duì)此如何看？

U.S. Ambassador Dennis Shea recently said at a WTO general council meeting that China is the "unilateralist" which "undermines the global system of open and fair trade". He also called China "the most protectionist, mercantilist economy" that claims it is the "defender of free trade and the global trading system." What’s your counter-argument and how do other members view this？

張向晨大使：我在世貿(mào)組織總理事會(huì)上講過，衡量單邊主義的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)只能是多邊規(guī)則，而不是憑什么人亂扣帽子。你見過主動(dòng)降低關(guān)稅、開放金融市場(chǎng)的“保護(hù)主義者”嗎？你見過積極籌備進(jìn)口博覽會(huì)、歡迎各國出口至本國市場(chǎng)的“重商主義者”嗎？

As I was saying at the meeting, it is the multilateral rules which can serve as the one and only criterion to determine unilateralism rather than throwing labels around. Have you ever seen a “protectionist” who is voluntarily cutting tariffs and liberalizing its financial market? Have you ever seen a "mercantilist" who is hosting an International Import Expo and welcoming other countries to export to its market?

中國也很愿意和美國在WTO討論一下什么是“單邊主義”。我們應(yīng)當(dāng)通過討論和談判解決彼此的貿(mào)易關(guān)注。在WTO框架下討論、談判，包括訴諸爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制來裁決彼此的分歧，這些都是多邊主義的體現(xiàn)。反之，如果所有成員都按照自己的立場(chǎng)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)其他成員進(jìn)行評(píng)判，并任意采取制裁措施，例如像“301條款”這樣的措施，那就是對(duì)多邊主義的破壞。

China is very much willing to further discuss with the U.S. regarding “unilateralism" in the WTO. Trade concerns should be addressed through discussions and negotiations under the WTO framework, including resorting to the dispute settlement mechanism. This is the way multilateralism works. By contrast, if members take WTO law in their own hands, judge and sanction others by their own standards, such as the Section 301 measures, it would be a breach of multilateralism.

至于其他成員對(duì)此評(píng)論，建議你看一下總理事會(huì)各成員的發(fā)言。此次會(huì)議上，100多個(gè)世貿(mào)成員在總理事會(huì)上單獨(dú)或者聯(lián)合發(fā)表聲明，要求盡快啟動(dòng)上訴機(jī)構(gòu)成員遴選，反對(duì)美國依據(jù)“232條款”、“301條款”采取的單邊行動(dòng)和貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施，呼吁維護(hù)多邊貿(mào)易體制的權(quán)威和穩(wěn)定。這些立場(chǎng)世貿(mào)組織都記錄在案，歷史不應(yīng)隨意被人解讀，更不應(yīng)被歪曲篡改。

As for the comments from other members at the meeting, I would suggest you look at the statements by relevant members. More than 100 WTO members have either spoken individually or co-sponsored joint statements at the General Council meeting, urging members to launch the new appellate body member selection process without delay, opposing the unilateral and protectionist actions taken by the U.S. based on Section 232 and Section 301, as well as calling for safeguarding the credibility and stability of the multilateral trading system. These statements and positions are well recorded by the WTO secretariat. History is not and should not be wrongfully interpreted or twisted.

3、彭博社：你有數(shù)十年與美國談判的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。你對(duì)目前的中美貿(mào)易摩擦有何看法？如何解決呢？

You have decades of experience negotiating with the U.S. What’s your view on the current China-U.S. trade dispute and how can it be solved?

張向晨大使：時(shí)過境遷，過去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)未必有用。21世紀(jì)不是20世紀(jì)80年代，北京也不是東京。

Water flows, things change. Past experience is not necessarily helpful in tackling today’s problems. We must be clear that the 21st century is not the 1980s, and Beijing is not Tokyo.