隨著人類太空探索事業(yè)的發(fā)展,如何保障航天員的生命安全已成為一個(gè)不容回避的現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。對(duì)此,在廣大成員國(guó)的推動(dòng)下,以聯(lián)合國(guó)為核心的國(guó)際組織制定并通過了一系列關(guān)于規(guī)范太空活動(dòng)行為和防范太空活動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的制度規(guī)范,構(gòu)成了相關(guān)的國(guó)際空間法體系,其中具有代表性的是《外層空間條約》(Outer Space Treaty)和《營(yíng)救協(xié)定》(Rescue Agreement)。中國(guó)分別于1983年和1988年加入了這兩項(xiàng)條約。
“發(fā)現(xiàn)航天員有意外事故、危難或在另一當(dāng)事國(guó)境內(nèi)或公海上緊急降落之情形,應(yīng)給予一切可能協(xié)助。在航天員作此種降落時(shí),應(yīng)即將其安全而迅速送回航天器登記國(guó)(States Parties to the Treaty shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space and shall render to them all possible assistance in the event of accident, distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another State Party or on the high seas. When astronauts make such a landing, they shall be safely and promptly returned to the State of registry of their space vehicle)?!?
首先,通知發(fā)射當(dāng)局,如果不能查明或聯(lián)系上發(fā)射當(dāng)局,立即動(dòng)用一切可用的通訊手段告知公眾;其次,向聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)通報(bào),聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)再動(dòng)用一切可用的通訊手段告知公眾(Notify the launching authority or, if it cannot identify and immediately communicate with the launching authority, immediately make a public announcement by all appropriate means of communication at its disposal; Notify the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who should disseminate the information without delay by all appropriate means of communication at his disposal)。
第二條提出:
如果有航天員因各種意外原因在某締約國(guó)管轄領(lǐng)域內(nèi)降落,該締約國(guó)應(yīng)立即采取一切可能措施營(yíng)救此人,并提供一切必要協(xié)助,該締約國(guó)應(yīng)將所采步驟及其進(jìn)展情形通知發(fā)射當(dāng)局及聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)(If, owing to accident, distress, emergency or unintended landing, the personnel of a spacecraft land in territory under the jurisdiction of a contracting party, it shall immediately take all possible steps to rescue them and render them al necessary assistance. It shall inform the launching authority and also the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the steps it is taking and of their progress)。
第三條則補(bǔ)充了航天員降落于公海上或不屬任何國(guó)家管轄之地點(diǎn)的情形,并要求具備援助能力的締約國(guó)對(duì)搜救行動(dòng)提供支持,同時(shí)將搜救進(jìn)展通知發(fā)射當(dāng)局及聯(lián)合國(guó)秘書長(zhǎng)(If information is received or it is discovered that the personnel of a spacecraft have alighted on the high seas or in any other place not under the jurisdiction of any state, those contracting parties which are in a position to do so shall, if necessary, extend assistance in search and rescue operations for such personnel to assure their speedy rescue. They shall inform the launching authority and the Secretary-General of the United Nations of the steps they are taking and of their progress)。